Review The House of the Spirits Free Essays

In the novel, â€Å"The House of the Spirits†, the writer, Isabel Allende utilizes the imagery of the house on the corner and the perspectives of Esteban and Clara’s scratch pad to show the peruser that so as to comprehend the historical backdrop of the Trueba family, numerous perspectives must be thought about. Using imagery, the house on the corner is illustrative of the Trueba’s history and how the family’s history is told through division. The house has two structures that must be seen so as to comprehend the whole home, one being propelled by Esteban, and the other being motivated by Clara. We will compose a custom paper test on Survey: The House of the Spirits or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The structure that Esteban fabricates is the outside and the establishment of the house. Esteban assembles a â€Å"cubic, thick, bombastic house, which sits like a cap in the midst of its green and geometric surroundings†(92). This depiction speaks to how he recounts to his accounts of history in the novel. Esteban doesn’t utilize mystical authenticity, he has significantly less portrayal in contrast with Clara in the novel, and his composing is clear. The way Esteban is depicted demonstrates the outside of the house to be illustrative of his portrayal as it is â€Å"cubic† and â€Å"dense†. Interestingly, Clara’s portrayal from her journals is entirely different from Esteban’s basic portrayal like the structure of the house. Clara doesn’t talk exclusively about significant occasions, â€Å"she additionally records trivialities† (1) and occurrences that don't really prompt anything. Clara’s curious and mystical portrayal style is spoken to by the framework of the house, â€Å"full of projections and incrustations, of contorted flights of stairs that lead to exhaust spaces, of turrets, or little windows and couldn't be opened, entryways hanging in midair, and screwy hallways† (92). The two portrayals make up the whole Trueba history a similar way the framework and the outside make up the whole house. Every story is advised in an alternate style to represent the structure of the house. Esteban’s part in the formation of the outside of the house is perfect and thick which matches the manner in which he tells history. Conversely Clara’s portrayal is progressively point by point, unnecessary and incorporates the nuanced accounts of the characters. Together, the outside and inside make up the house, similarly as the two portrayals make up the novel and the historical backdrop of the Truebas. With just a single storyteller, Clara or Esteban talking at once, the tale of the Trueba family gets slanted and untrustworthy due to Esteban’s individual predisposition and Clara’s otherworldly perspective. With the two accounts introduced the peruser comprehends an increasingly exact and complete story. Allende utilizes the division of the house on the corner as an image to show that there are numerous sides to history. We additionally observe different sides of history through Clara’s scratch pad and Esteban’s portrayal. With two portrayals we get a complete vision of history that must be gotten by perusing various points of view. One way that Allende utilizes the portrayals to show that understanding different perspectives is important, is through the untrustworthiness of the storyteller. Toward the start of the novel we first experience enchanted authenticity when Clara’s Uncle Marcos leaves the nation on a â€Å"bird† that he manufactures and â€Å"[a]gainst all rationale, on the second attempt the winged creature lifts off without accident and with a specific class, joined by the squeaking of its skeleton and the thunder of its engine. Fluttering its wings and vanishing into the clouds†(13). We are uninformed of what really happened in this occasion since we just observe one point of view of what occurred. When both narrators’ are utilized in the novel, the peruser can see more than one viewpoint of the occasions advised and the peruser can see the whole history, much the same as the outside and the foundation of the house on the corner make up the whole house. Esteban’s portrayal is one-sided and untrustworthy, however using Clara’s journals we see the opposite side to Esteban’s time at Tres Marias as the benefactor. When Esteban reviews his initiative at Tres Marias he says, â€Å"no ones going to persuade me that I wasn’t a decent patron†(51) and that he has â€Å"been a decent benefactor; there’s no uncertainty about it†(54). Soon after, we get notification from Clara’s scratch pad of how â€Å"[n]ot a young lady went from adolescence to adulthood that [Esteban] didn't expose to the forested areas, the riverbank, or the created iron bed†(63). On the off chance that the peruser just heard Esteban’s portrayal, the peruser would have just observed that he â€Å"rebuilt chicken coops and stables†, â€Å"rescued the oil fields†, and arranged â€Å"an water system framework so the harvests wouldn’t need to rely upon the weather†(53). During his portrayal the peruser sees all the positive things that he did, yet with Clara’s note pads the peruser likewise observes the negative parts of his time at Tres Marias. Alongside observing various occasions that happened with numerous portrayals we likewise observe the sentiments of different characters. When Clara first shows up at Tres Marias â€Å"she feels that she has at last found her strategic life†(105). While the peruser comprehends her inspiration, Esteban is uninformed that she has this drive to satisfy her crucial life. Esteban thinks she is simply â€Å"charitable and generous† and needs to make â€Å"those around her glad with the exception of [Esteban]†(178). Because of the recounting two stories throughout the entire existence of the Trueba family we can see the relationship elements from the two sides, and thus, comprehend the Trueba family ancestry better. Taking everything into account, Isabel Allende composed the novel with a particular goal in mind to show the peruser an alternate perspective on how history could be educated. She utilized the image of the house to demonstrate that to see the history there are different points of view to see similarly as there are different structures that make up the whole house. Allende composed the novel through the point of view of Clara, Esteban, and others, so the peruser can get the most complete recounting the Trueba family ancestry, and can see numerous sides so as to acquire the best understanding. The most effective method to refer to Review: The House of the Spirits, Papers

Impact of Unions on Human Resources Management Research Paper

Effect of Unions on Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example The methodology taken by this paper centers around the setting of both the workers and the business, so as to see how basing on these two, associations impact the HR the executives of an association. By and large, this paper will show that associations have both negative and positive effect on HR the board of an association. Writing Review Labor Laws, Unions, and Human Resources Management Labor laws are fundamental in controlling the connection between the businesses, the representatives, and the associations. In this manner, through them, there emerge different desires, which impact the administration of a unionized association in different manners. Neuser and Barker (2010) composed an article, which investigates the condition of work laws in the United States. In their article titled â€Å"What Every Employer Should Know about the Law of Union Organizing,† Neuser and Barker investigate the different work laws in the United States, and decipher them to show how these impact managers, and what's going on or directly for bosses to do when confronted with unionization. Regardless, a significant part of employers’ activities, which the work laws manage, is the counter-crusade. Neuser and Barker (6) contend that, â€Å"An boss is allowed, and is quite often all around prompted, to direct a worker educational crusade when stood up to with an association sorting out campaign.† However, the way through which this is done decides if the work laws are damaged or clung to by the business. The counter-battle by the business brings about changes in the HR and the executives rehearses in an organization. In any case, a business leads a counter-battle, as per the Section 8(a) of the Act, just as different conclusions by the legal and the board. Along these lines, in an offer to keep workers from unionizing, bosses may receive extra HR rehearses, or enhance the current HR rehearses, so as to advance representative occupation fulfillment. For example, the y may expand representative compensations, elevate a few workers to higher position, and by and large enhance the working states of representatives. In any case, every one of these progressions and new appropriations in HR practices will have been realized by unionization. Be that as it may, Neuser and Barker stress that this counter-crusade ought not encroach on any work law (26). Unionizing, Job Satisfaction, and Human Resources Management Various looks into have been led to investigate the impact of unionizing on representative employment fulfillment. In their investigation, Bryson, Cappellari, and Lucifora (2010) investigated the impact of unionizing on representative occupation fulfillment in Britain. Results show that there are no critical contrasts in the degree of occupation fulfillment among association and nonunion workers. In any case, for those association workers that needed aggregate haggling, the degree of occupation fulfillment was seen as lower. Regardless, aggregat e dealing is a significant determinant of occupation fulfillment for association laborers. In another examination, Artz (2010) researched how association experience impacts worker work fulfillment. Results demonstrated that activity fulfillment was just higher among the businesses, who were in associations just because, in this manner low involvement with associations. Be that as it may, the more a worker increased expanded involvement with uni

Buy Discussion Board Post Now

Buy Discussion Board Post Now Buy Discussion Board Post Home›Buy Discussion Board PostDiscussion Board Posts â€" What Are They?A discussion board  can be  an online analogue of a classroom area designed for students’ interaction and communication. It is considered as a formal setting that has two main components: students’ discussion and participation.  Discussion refers to original response to the assignment question initiated by one of the students. Participation, on the other hand, is a consequent process of responding to the existing discussion post. Here you do not have to create a new post on some new topic but you simply reply to the other student’s opinion.  Whatever the assignment is, you have to be well aware of how to succeed in both discussions and participation because these two activities are a must when you participate in an online course.Discussion board post writing can be so inspiring if you know how to do it right.  But if you dont? We recommend you not to wait for motivation or inspir ation.  We can write an excellent discussion board post right now. (Only Reliable Payment Systems)You Can Easily Buy  Discussion Board Post In Just One Click!

Essay on Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance Two Historical...

Running head: SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENAISSANCE Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance Two Historical Art Periods Elisa Montoya Western Governor’s University RIWT Task 1 May 13, 2013 SURREALISM AND HARLEM RENNAISANCE Comparing and Contrasting the Two Art Periods â€Å"Surrealism and Harlem Renaissance† 2 While there are many different historical art periods I will bring together two that I found to be extremely interesting. There are so many wonderful facts about all the different art periods that I’ve chosen to bring to life two â€Å"Surrealism and the Harlem Renaissance†. These art periods have many differences yet their evolution have many of the same reasons for existing. The artistic evolution of â€Å"Surrealism† commenced in France in†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The importance that art and culture played toward this goal cannot be overstated as During the Harlem Renaissance the utilization of artists, poets, and jazz music were employed instead of political means to achieve the goals of equality and civil rights† (Biography, 2012). The relationships between the two historical art periods existed in the French Colonies 3 territories belonging to the Caribbean and Africa. These French colonies native Black graduates whom verbalized French and regained their African heritage utilizing the values Harlem Renaissance and Surrealism. The ideals of the father of Surrealism â€Å"Andrà © Breton† rooted this evolution therefore linking Harlem Renaissance’s era of black intellectuals. Such as Richard Wright who eluded segregation and racism in the Amalgamated States by fleeing to France. Others included Claude Mckay as well as Langston Hughes. This evolution additionally known as the â€Å"Negritude evolution† utilized the ideals of the artists in accordance with the notions of surrealism. The similarities lie within the struggle to shatter the conventional norms and discernment of society with surrealism endeavoring to do so toward the prudish and aristocratic society that imbue the history of France leading up to the crusade. The HarlemShow MoreRelatedRIWT task 1 direction Essay example669 Words   |  3 Pagesimagination, values, and emotions. Introduction:    Works of art vary greatly across genres and time periods. Some works of the humanities seem to have originated from the minds of specific individuals or from social and cultural influences, while other works of art were influenced by the styles and characteristics of earlier periods and are often a continuation of or reaction to those artistic styles. For example, classical art from ancient Greece and Rome was revived during the neoclassicalRead MoreIwc1 Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay10028 Words   |  41 PagesIWC1 Test 1.02 Module Pre-Test Question 1: Multiple Choice The historical revival of Classical culture began during the: a) Middle Ages b) Renaissance c) Baroque Era d) Romantic Era Feedback: The correct answer is b. The historical revival of Classical culture began during the Renaissance. Question 2: Multiple Choice Which of the following was a key feature of ancient Chinese humanism? a) An emphasis on theoretical philosophy. b) A subordination of intellectual life to religiousRead MoreExploring The Different Values Placed On Art Works Essay9463 Words   |  38 PagesAS91487 3.6 Examine the different values placed on art works Mona Lisa – Leonardo Da Vinci 1506 - The Mona Lisa, 1503 - 1506, painted on poplar wood (77 x 53cm) with oil paint. This composition was created by Leonardo Da Vinci, a Quattrocento artist of the Italian Renaissance between the years of 1503 - 1506. The Mona Lisa is unquestionably acclaimed, with great artistic merit and value, to be the most highly revered, renowned painting. This form of art is a portrait, in which Leonardo Da Vinci hasRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 PagesChapter 1: The Invention of Writing - From the early Paleolithic to the Neolithic period (35,000 BC to 4,000 BC), early Africans and Europeans left paintings in caves, including the Lascaux caves in Southern France. - Early pictures were made for survival and for utilitarian and ritualistic purposes. - Petroglyphs are carved or scratched signs on rock. - These images became symbols for what would be the first spokenlanguage. - Cuneiform – Wedged shaped writing, created in 3000BC. StartedRead MoreChapter 33 – Early 20th Century5648 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 33 – Early 20th Century Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Throughout history, artists have regularly served political ends by using their art to make visual statements. Which of the following artists has created an overtly political statement with his/her work? |a. |Dorothea Lange | |b. |John

Psychoanalytic And Psychodynamic Theory Of Personality

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic: The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality. Freud believed that the personality develops in a series of five stages that develop the three divisions of personality. In the oral stage, the fixation is in the mouth, and would be the cause of his introverted nature; likewise, in the anal stage, Roberto would discover his reserved nature, while the phallic stage, he would further refine his reserved nature as a sense of humility in his actions, also defining his mild mannered portion of his personality. In the latency stage, his social skills would refined and he would become introverted. Freud would think that Roberto’s mild-mannered, reserved, and invertedness is caused by intense suppressing of the id by the ego, having Roberto adopt the personality that he does; however, Karen Horney would classify Roberto’s personality in respect to her theory of neurotic personalities- personalities typified by maladapti ve ways of dealing with relationships- with moving away from people by withdrawing from personal relationships. Behaviorism: The behaviorist perspective of personality focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior. Based on the theories of Skinner and Pavlov, Roberto has his personality because of his past experiences in a social environment. B.F. Skinner would relate operant conditioning to Roberto’s personality. Through many punishments and reinforcements by hisShow MoreRelatedEssay about Jennys Personality; Interpretation of Forrest Gump1419 Words   |  6 PagesForrest Gump: Jenny’s Personality Monday, August 22, 2011 PSY202 – Principles of Psychology In this character analysis paper the character of Jenny Curran from the award winning movie Forrest Gump will be the subject of discussion. This paper will present an analysis of the Jenny’s personality as it is applicable to Psychodynamic theory. The paper will present my rationale for the choice to use the Psychodynamic theory to describe Jenny Curran’s personality. In addition, this paper willRead MorePsychoanalytic Theory And Psychodynamic Theory1247 Words   |  5 Pages Psychoanalytic Theory In this paper, I will discuss the theoretical perspective of psychoanalytic theory and discuss a few of the theorist that helped to shape and expanded upon this theory. 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Layman View of Osi Reference Model Free Essays

Layman View of OSI Reference Model (By Diganta Deka, Former Student, Proprietor-Trainer East India Technologies, Guwahati. ), diganta. deka@hotmail. We will write a custom essay sample on Layman View of Osi Reference Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now com When we talk about computer networks and how computers operate in networks, things do not remain as simple as it seems to be. Here numerous protocols work in tandem for the sake of data integrity during the course of data transfer. To make things worse there are a lot of vendors in the market who provide and produce great number of network hardware and push us to use them. Therefore to provide a solution and to make all these devices communicate in 1984, The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) reference model. Basically it described how information is transferred from one networking component to another, from the point when a user enters information using a mouse or a keyboard to when that information is converted to electrical or light signals transferred along a piece of wire or radio waves through the air and vice versa. So we can say, OSI reference model provides a foundation to use when you are considering what happens between the network components when they talk with each other. ISO developed a seven layer model which allowed vendors and network administrators to understand a stable data transfer and also provided guidelines for implementing new networking standards. Table-1 below briefly describes these layers, their associated services and protocols supported. Layer| Function| Service Description| | Application| The Application layer provides an interface between the communication software and any other application that needs to communicate outside the computer on which the application resides. This layer represents the services that directly support applications such as software for file transfers, database access, and electronic mail. | 6| Presentation| The Presentation layer translates data from the Application layer into an intermediary format, such as ASCII text, EBCDIC text, binary, BCD, JPEG etc. This layer also provides services such as data encryption, and data compression. | 5| Session| The Session layer allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session. This includes the control and management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the application can be notified if only some of a series of messages are completed. This allows Presentation layer to have a seamless view of an incoming stream of data. | 4| Transport| The Transport layer defines the end-to-end transmission of data between nodes (e. . PCs), including flow control and error recognition and recovery. It also repackages long messages when necessary into smaller packets for transmission and, at the receiving end, rebuilds packets into the original message. | 3| Network| The Network layer provides routing, logical network addressing, path determination, media/framing translation, frame fragmentation, and congestion signaling/control. The routing concepts define how devices rout e or forward packets to their final destination. Logical addressing defines how each device can have an address that can be used by the routing process. Path determination refers to the work done by which all possible routes are learned, but the best route is chosen for use. | 2| Data Link| The Data Link layer packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets). This layer specifies the device addressing, topology and media access, bit/byte synchronization, flow control, and error detection/recovery services associated with sending frames of data over a physical link. 1| Physical| The Physical layer specifies how bit streams are to be transmitted over a physical link in the network. This includes physical characteristics of transmission medium, including pins, use of pins, electrical, current, encoding, light modulation and the rules for how to activate and deactivate the use of the physical medium. | Table-1 Within the network, data traverses a network stack using a process called encapsulation. Whe n an application requires communications resources, the message is handed over to the network stack’s application layer. There, the message is processed into a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Application specific header information is wrapped around the data. The resultant PDU is then passed to the stack’s presentation layer, where additional header information is added. Each subsequent layer in the source system’s network stack adds service-specific header information to the PDU, until a fully formatted data frame is presented to the physical layer for transmission onto the communications medium. This encapsulation process is illustrated in Figure 1. Encapsulation Process Fig-1 The real data transfer process starts from the Transport Layer, where the data is segmented and hence the data is termed as segment in transport layer. When the segments reach the network layer each segment is broken into packets. As these packets are transferred to Data Link Layer each packet is again broken into frames and in Physical Layer the frames converts into Bits. When the bit stream reaches the destination system, the reverse occurs. Each layer in the destination system’s network stack analyzes and then strips its associated header information from the message. The resultant PDU is then passed to the next higher layer, until the original message is presented to the destination application. Typically, a communication layer does not process, or alter the PDU’s content as generated by an adjacent layer. Information exchange only occurs between peer OSI layers. The peer relationship between OSI layers is illustrated in Figure 2. Illustrated Peer Relationship between OSI Layers Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Bit Stream Frame Packet Segment Data Stream Data Stream Data Stream Figure-2 Till now we have been talking about the concept behind the OSI reference model, but if we do not discuss about the protocols (protocol is an agreed set of rules by which devices in a network or number of networks can successfully communicate with each other) and devices that work in each layer of the model then the discussion would remain incomplete. Table-2 and Table-3 respectively represent the devices and the protocols used in various layers in the OSI Reference Model. Devices and the Layers at Which They Function Layer| Name of the layer| Devices| 3| Network| Router, Layer3 Switch| 2| Data Link| Switch, Bridge and NIC| 1| Physical| Hub, Repeater| Table-2 Protocols and the Layers at Which They Function Name of the Layers| Protocols| Application| FTP, Telnet, NFS, HTTP, TFTP, DHCP, DNS, VoIP, SNMP, POP3, SMTP| Presentation| ASCII, HTML, JPEG| Session| SQL, RPC| Transport| TCP, UDP, SPX| Network| IP, X. 25, IPX, Q. 931| Data Link| HDLC, Ethernet, LLC, Frame Relay, ATM, Q. 921, FDDI| Physical| RS-232, V. 35, 10bT, RJ45, G. 703/G. 704| Table-3 In the field of networking there very few people who is not aware of OSI reference model and it is impossible to imagine the world of Information Technology without this model. Over the years we have come across so many network hardware, software or operating systems but everything is manufactured keeping OSI reference model as a benchmark. How to cite Layman View of Osi Reference Model, Essay examples

Women Exercising While Pregnant Essay Example

Women Exercising While Pregnant Essay This paper aims to give relevant updates on recent evidence that concerns exercising during pregnancy; this includes effects for the fetus and the mother as well as the frequency, types, duration, rate and intensity of progression depending on the exercise performed. Current research findings on exercising during pregnancy are related with the higher cardiorespiratory fitness, reduction in depression symptoms, preventing lower back pain and urinary incontinence, and cases of the gestational diabetes, subsidized number of pregnant women who needed insulin. However, there is no correlation with the reduction in the preterm birth or birth weight rate. Therefore, the kind of exercise does not show a difference on the results and its intensity must be moderate or mild for the previous sedentary pregnant women and moderate or high for the active women. The exercise suggestions are based on recent guidelines on the low-impact, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for at least thrice a week. Nonetheless, new guidelines suggest an increment in weekly physical activities expenditure while instilling vigorous exercise as well as adding light training to an exercise routine of the healthy and fit pregnant women. However, cases of other chronic diseases such as hypertension have limited data hence more research has to be carried out to examine safety of this intervention. Nevertheless, physical exercise is advantageous for pregnant women even during their postpartum period. This is not linked with any risks for a newborn and could lead to alterations in lifestyle that show long-term advantages. Chapter One Introduction There is an increased amount of women in developed countries who are overweight or obese in the early pregnancy period. This could lead to severe consequences for immediate as well as long-term health of the expectant mother as well as the fetus. Therefore, pregnancy has been prioritized for application of various interventions that target to minimize unhealthy pregnant women. Pregnancy is a period that is critical and unique in a womans life because they become more receptive to the interventions of behavior change. Promotion of physical activity is the main characteristic of interventions for weight control for pregnant women because it has advantageous effects on the glucose metabolism. Physical activity may improve the outcomes of pregnancy irrespective of weight. However, some research show that pregnant women usually possess lower levels of physical activity and these levels keep on reducing as the woman advances to the later pregnancy stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Exercising While Pregnant specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women Exercising While Pregnant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women Exercising While Pregnant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Currently, the number of expectant mothers that willingly engage in strenuous exercise has increased. Both physical activity and pregnancy increase the metabolic demands of the body but physiological adaptations of the combined demands are not expensively understood. Ultimately, one could expect immense fetal or maternal effects due to the conflicting demands of acute muscle exercising and the pregnant uterus. However, nature has presented various examples whereby intense physical activity during a pregnancy could co-exist with the pregnancys favorable outcome. Hence, further investigation on adaptations to physical activity and exercise in expectant mothers is essential from a physiological viewpoint. Physical fitness and exercise have gained popularity dramatically for the past few decades; they have taken up significant roles in many womens lives. Reproduction and physical activity for healthy women is beneficial for a baby and the mother in several ways. Therefore, a healthy woman who has a normal pregnancy could either continue regular exercises or start a new exercise routine. According to the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) and the American Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology (ASOG), pregnant women who are normal and health should carry out an exercise regimen. Generally, swimming is seen as a suitable and safe exercise to undertake during pregnancy and the study above shows that swimming was not linked with miscarriage. It should be noted that a reduced rate of the physical activity for many women, the level of activity is usually reduced further throughout the pregnancy and exercise before pregnancy is often not retrieved six months after giving birth (Wolfe, 2008). Among the women that actively engage in exercise before pregnancy, the aspects linked with discontinuing sporting activities during the pregnancy are the same as those for inactiveness both before and after the pregnancy. Therefore, if the exercise during pregnancy is considered healthy for the fetus and the mother, knowledge on an exercise behavior with regards to predictors and pregnancy is useful when it comes to interventions of public health. Generally, there has been increased focus on exercise or physical activity hence it is important to establish guidelines that are e vidence based during a pregnancy period. Pregnancy is considered as a normal physiological form that is characterized by growth of the fetus and the mother. From the moment of conception onwards, a fetus forms into a baby while the mother experiences physiological and physical growth. All mothers desire to have good health for themselves as well as their babies, but there are some women who are concerned about the regular maternal physical activities during pregnancy because it may lead to miscarriage, poor fetal growth, musculoskeletal injury and premature delivery. However, for the normal pregnancies, such concerns have not yet been substantiated. Indeed, the participation in a regular weight-bearing exercise has revealed that it improves the maternal fitness, restricts weight gain with no effect on fetal growth, and hastens the postpartum recovery. Additionally, there are psychological advantages of exercise and this has to be nurtured by any person that cares for a pregnant women. During a first trimester, there are major physiological alterations that take place, even though there are few maternal body changes (Frank Cone, 2011). Therefore, during the low-level exercises, pulse responses and blood pressure are not very different from a woman who is not pregnant, but fatigue could be noticed earlier during the exercise routine. When early pregnancy proceeds, blood volume expands while the uterus keeps on enlarging; here there is minimum weight gain which could vary from zero to eleven pounds. At this time, the fetus undergoes significant growth which includes organ and limb development. Due to this fact, the mother must have balanced nutrition, exercise, rest and hydration. It should be noted that the pregnant mother has to avoid a large increase in body temperature during an exercise routine. When well hydrated and fit pregnant women examine their main body temperatures in an efficient manner they should be able to regulate their body temperatures. The second trimester and third trimester come with dramatic changes in the pregnant womans body. The weight gain varies from 22 to 36 pounds which is normally around the pelvis and abdomen and this alters posture as well as the center of gravity. At this time, exercises that need agility and balance could become harder because of the change in weight distribution for the pregnant woman. Therefore, appropriately adjusted exercise equipment and aquatic exercises can b immensely helpful. The additional caloric demands during this period of pregnancy are greatly variable because the increment of caloric need cannot be accurately estimated. A lot of information exists with regards to the attitudes of pregnant women towards physical activity. Nonetheless, a limited amount of studies highlight the significant limitations to the participation and this includes lack of facilities, time and physical barriers. As a matter of fact, studies show that some pregnant women view physical activity as unsafe for the fetus. Ultimately, few studies have provided elaborate insights into experiences and views of the overweight pregnant women. Chapter Two Literature Review Many studies have shown that when pregnant women exercise, the risk of acquiring various conditions is reduced. For instance, women that exercise during the first trimesters have a great chance of delivering the baby naturally and with regards to the pre-eclampsia, the time seems to be beneficial. Also, such women may seem to have a greater ability to avoid the gestational diabetes. Hence, women that regularly exercise before pregnancy through to the time of delivery are more likely to attain a health benefit. If promoting physical exercise would limit incidences of pre-clampsia, then a first half of the pregnancy is more likely to become the effective period, particularly for the first-time mothers. However, further studies must be carried out to examine the effectiveness of this kind of program. The study will extend the findings of studies that have been done by identifying the controversy and comparing the conflicting findings. Evidence from the scientific studies shows the significant role of the physical activity particularly in the health promotion as well as quality of life. In addition, evidence of control and prevention of various diseases during pregnancy has been shown. Until almost recently, pregnant women were directed to limit their activities as well as interrupt occupational work particularly during the pregnancys final stages (Frank Cone, 2011). However, by the 1990s, practitioners admitted a positive influence resulting from constant physical activity during the gestation period and it has been encouraged. But, this applied only if the woman did not present certain adverse conditions (Frank Cone, 2011). As a matter of fact, there seems to be some kind of consensus that maintenance of a light or moderate exercise during uncomplicated pregnancy gives several benefits for the health of the woman. This has been explained by evidence that proves that exercise causes thermal response as well as circulatory redistribution that shifts blood concentration from a placenta and uterus to extremities. The process assists to reduce as well as prevent lower back pains, foster lower liquid retentions, reduce cardiovascular stress, increase oxygenation capacity, decrease blood pressure, reduce risk of the gestational diabetes, prevent thrombosis and the varicose veins and assists control of gestational weight gain (Connelly, 2009). The benefits also include the emotional aspects because exercise helps to make pregnant women more confident of themselves and satisfied with their appearance, also it raises self-esteem hence reducing chances of post-partum depression. However, the exercise during pregnancy may still raise certain controversies. According to Connelly (2009), the published guidelines and studies on exercise during pregnancy are not enough. On the other hand, Chasan-Taber et al. (n.d) state that even though they are limited, the literature recommends that practicing the moderate exercise while pregnant will not present additional risks and it does not result to unwanted outcomes for both the fetus and the mother. Both researchers still suggest that more studies have to be carried out. The advantages of exercise or physical activity during a gestation period do not seem to be appropriately publicized and some of them consider this theme as a taboo. Most women perceive that physiological limitations presented by the pregnancy hinder them from taking part in programs which enhance regular exercise. Other women perceive that remaining relaxed and rested during pregnancy is more important as compared to exercising or maintaining the active lifestyle. Exercising while pregnant has raised many controversies from researchers and experts but this study aims to carry out systematic reviews of scientific articles on an association between the exercising while pregnant and an occurrence of the maternal-child health results. The review will focus particularly on the aspect of physical activity for pregnant women based on the occupational and leisure-time physical activity. The former includes activities related to an individuals occupation (unpaid or paid), that is, all the activities performed within the work space which includes housework. While leisure-time physical activity refers to activities performed with an aim of promoting health or leisure. According to World Health Organization, exercise plays an important role when it comes to the hindrance of the cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, stroke, breast and colon cancer as well as depression. Previously, women had to limit the physical activity once they got pregnant because of the assumed high risk of the spontaneous abortion as well as preterm birth. Pregnancy is considered as a unique condition that is characterized by the various physiologies in a mother and the concern for the developing fetus; however, this precaution is currently disregarded in general. Today, exercise is an added part of the antenatal care. For instance, the US, Great Britain, Norway, Canada and Denmark recommend that pregnant women should engage in physical activities that is equal to a women who are not pregnant. Apart from general health advantages, the physical activity is linked with favorable effects on the maternal outcomes in the gestation period like pre-clampsia and gestational diab etes (LeMoyne et al., 2012). However, Wang et al. (2015) question the assumed preventive actions on pre-clampsia. When looking at the negative and positive effects of exercise during pregnancy especially on the fetus health, the evidence is usually weak. People have always believed that physical activities may initiate labor activity as well as imminent pre-term birth hence this can only be avoided through bed rest. However, such notions are scientifically proven but they have come up as matters of precaution particularly in the absence of proper treatment actions against the pre-term labor. Moreover, hypotheses that have been presented by Schirmer (2007) show that the physical activity could lead to reduced fetal development because of the redistribution to working muscles rather than the fetus and placenta. Therefore, there are still concerns for an unborn child with regards to a mothers exercising level, and few reviews touch on maternal exercise and the reproductive outcomes. The initial study on the maternal physical activity was examined and the risk of a miscarriage is among the most popular adverse pregnancy results. It was found that an increased risk of a miscarriage among pregnant women who engaged in physical activity was high for the ones in their first trimester (Wang et al., 2015). It was revealed that where was a relation between the level of exercise as well as the risk of a miscarriage. Furthermore, certain kinds of exercise like jogging, racket sports and ball games were found to be closer related to a miscarriage as compared to other activities. A section of this association could be explained by the potential bias because of the retrospective exposure data collected. Nevertheless, studies on the lifestyle aspects in the beginning of pregnancy as well as early fetal loss using data that has been collected prospectively are hard to carry out hence they are rarely done. Generally, swimming is seen as a suitable and safe exercise to undertake during pregnancy and the study above shows that swimming was not linked with miscarriage. It should be noted that a reduced rate of the physical activity for many women, the level of activity is usually reduced further throughout the pregnancy and exercise before pregnancy is often not retrieved six months after giving birth (Wolfe, 2008). Among the women that actively engage in exercise before pregnancy, the aspects linked with discontinuing sporting activities during the pregnancy are the same as those for inactiveness both before and after the pregnancy. Therefore, if the exercise during pregnancy is considered healthy for the fetus and the mother, knowledge on an exercise behavior with regards to predictors and pregnancy is useful when it comes to interventions of public health. Generally, there has been increased focus on exercise or physical activity hence it is important to establish guidelines that are e vidence based during a pregnancy period. Wolfes (2008) findings on physical activity linked with miscarriage along with a sparse knowledge of the possible effects on a fetus of the maternal physical activity came to be the main aims of the study because physical activity has been extremely focused on in the public health. However, it should be noted that just informing women about exercising while pregnant is not enough because of barriers like time and financial constraints and absence of transport and facilities. These pressures could prevent the women from organizing an exercise program. Nevertheless, if a practitioners knowledge is insufficient on whether exercise is valuable during pregnancy, then the pregnant woman may not know the health benefits it has. Hence physical exercise has the ability to enhance the outcomes of physical health during pregnancy. Wang et al. (2015) believe that exercise has to begin in the first trimester of a pregnancy or before the pregnancy in order to get the most benefit. The promotion of physical exercise at the start of the pregnancy seems to be very beneficial particularly to first time mothers. Most of the studies that have been carried out with regards to pregnant women engaging in exercise have been prospective and observational whereby only limited studies were carried out through random trials. Furthermore, the exercises done by pregnant women are not similar in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and type of exercise because they are distinct between studies hence they are hard to compare and quantify. Therefore, fitness for maternal pre-pregnancy varies. According to Schirmer, (2007), these variables are important when it comes to determining the influence of exercise on a fetus and the woman. Moreover, these control groups utilized during the study are not consistent and they range from women that have not exercised before to women that exercised before a pregnancy but stopped exercising during the pregnancy to the women who kept on exercising during the pregnancy. This makes it difficult to compare between various studies. According to LeMoyne et al. (2012) there are several physiological changes that take place during a pregnancy which could affect an exercising pregnant woman. They add that at the beginning of a first trimester blood volume increases, the plasma volume increases as well as the mass of red blood cells; the cardiac output also increases because of the increased stroke volume and heart rate. These changes can be seen in the early first trimester whereby by twelve weeks the increase in cardiac output is up by 35 percent above the pre-pregnancy levels. He concludes that regular exercise can also increase blood volume and cardiac output. There are physiologic changes that can be seen in pregnant women who exercise regular and they are usually amplified. Hughes (2006) says that when comparing women that exercise before a pregnancy, an additional 40 percent increase in the cardiac output is seen in women that keep on exercising while they are pregnant as compared to the women that do not. This effect can also be seen in blood volume that expands up to 20 percent in women that keep on exercising while they are pregnant. Freyder (2009) believes that exercising while pregnant does not just improve fitness, but the women that exercise while pregnant have fewer pregnancy symptoms like somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia. On the other hand, Evenson Bradley (2010) study showed that the women that kept on exercising for 20 minutes every week have fewer pregnancy symptoms which include heartburn, nausea, lower back pain, leg cramps, ligament pain and so on during the first trimester and third trimester. Women that exercised before pregnancy still have benefits throughout the pregnancy even after they stop exercising. However, these benefits are not as good if they are compared with the women that kept on exercising during the pregnancy. The study also shows that pregnant women that exercised while pregnant but stopped later during pregnancy showed fewer symptoms but with less improvement of the symptoms but noted a subsidized improvement in the symptoms after exercise stopped. Frank Cone (2011) believe that exercising while pregnant improves self-image but after 2 weeks of cessation of physical activity, this positive influence begins to disappear. They prove that women that begin an exercise routine during pregnancy have immense improvement in physical health, muscular strength, body build, energy level and stamina. This information on the maternal weight increase conflict. Various observational studies and two meta-analyses revealed no difference when it came to the maternal weight increase. However, the meta-analyses could not find a distinctiveness between intensity, exercise type, levels of pre-pregnancy fitness or duration when the results were being examined. All of these factors may impact the maternal weight increase. Various observational studies revealed that women that exercise while pregnant gained minimal weight as compared to the control group. The studies involved women that exercised before pregnancy and kept on doing so while they were pregnant. Connelly (2009) carried out an observational study which compares the fit women who kept on exercising three times a week for an average of 30 minutes while in the #7th week of gestation to women that halted exercising while pregnant and revealed that the weight gain rate was the same between both groups in first trimester but this was immensely lesser during the second trimester and the third trimester with regards to those women that kept on exercising. This total weight increase was around 3kgs lesser within the exercise group; hence, it was still in the suggested range of the maternal weigh increase or gain. A study by Chasan-Taber et al. (n.d) showed that around 1.9 kg weight increases in the women that participated in the exercise routine for around 2 hours every week for almost 12 weeks. The weight gain could be due to the amount, timing and intensity of the exercise during the pregnancy. Various studies also show delivery and labor related outcomes with regards to engaging in exercise while pregnant. Chapter Three Methodology The study will be conducted through a search whereby articles will be identified through the literature search of LILACS and MEDLINE databases using key words like exercise or physical activity and gestation or pregnancy. The articles will include those that have been published between the years 2005 to 2015 in English and the will refer to follow-up, case-control and cross-sectional epidemiological studies. The expected principal outcomes of these studies will be gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, miscarriage, gestational weight increase, fetal development or growth, prematurity, mode of delivery or prematurity. The search procedure involves a survey of references that are based on key words that finds 3,300 articles. The references will be sifted using search filters. Articles with abstracts will be read depending on other inclusion criteria that have been verified. The studies will undergo methodological quality based on the fetus and mother outcomes. The studies will be evaluated independently and assessed using Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Then the results will be classified based on the scale to measure the concordance between various evaluation methods. The studies will be organized according to country of origin, publication year, study design (cross-sectional, case control, cohort), sample size, maternal-fetal health outcomes, physical activities measurements, participants age, and results in order to estimate what was used in the scoring and analysis of methodological quality. Later, the studies will be grouped in terms of the ones with similar results depending on the outcome. The objective of this is to facilitate and systematize understanding of the findings of articles that have been reviewed. Moreover, the mean of the total scores that will be assigned to these studies in every group will be calculated. No article will be rejected due to its methodological limitations, but the results will be considered much more consistent in these studies which could receive higher scores. References Chasan-Taber, L, Schmidt, MD, Pekow, P, Sternfeld, B, Manson, J, Markenson, G. (n.d.).Correlates of physical activity in pregnancy among Latina women. 353-363.) Springer New York LLC. Connelly, F. S. (January 01, 2009). Exercising while pregnant.The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy,10,9, 358-65. Evenson, K. R., Bradley, C. B. (January 01, 2010). Beliefs about exercise and physical activity among pregnant women.Patient Education and Counseling,79,1, 124-9. Frank, E., Cone, K. (January 01, 2011). Characteristics of pregnant vs. non-pregnant women physicians: findings from the women physicians health study.;International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics,;69,;1, 37-46. Freyder, S. C. (March 01, 2009). Literature Review: Exercising While Pregnant.;Journal of Orthopaedic ; Sports Physical Therapy,;10,;9, 358-365. Hughes, H. (2006).;Watercise while you wait: A unique exercise program for pregnant women. Mesa, AZ: HH Books. LeMoyne, Elise L, Curnier, Daniel, St-Jacques, Samuel, ; Ellemberg, Dave. (2012).;The effects of exercise during pregnancy on the newborns brain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. (BioMed Central Ltd.) BioMed Central Ltd. Schirmer, J. (2007).;High-risk diabetic pregnancy and work: two hard-to-reconcile circumstances. (Revista panamericana de salud publica, 2, 6, 408-14.) ; Wang, Chen, Zhu, Weiwei, Wei, Yumei, Feng, Hui, Su, Rina, ; Yang, Huixia. (2015).Exercise intervention during pregnancy can be used to manage weight gain and improve pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. (BioMed Central Ltd.) BioMed Central Ltd. Wolfe, L. A. (January 01, 2008). Pregnant Women and Endurance Exercise. 531-546. ;;;;;;;;;; ; ;;;;;; ; ;